Corporate NGO Partnerships In Developing Countries Essay

Corporate NGO Partnerships In Developing Countries - Essay Example This number in India tallies considerably more which is around 1-2 million and in Russia it is around 277000 (NGO, n.d.). With expanding globalization prompting cross fringe exchange exercises and with an ever increasing number of associations from one country wandering in another nation Corporate Social Responsibility has gotten significant for each association to continue in since a long time ago run. Rebuilding of the general public with endeavors being made for the government assistance of the state has prompted gigantic development of NGO s in Western nations. Another explanation which has upgraded the quickness of the development in NGOs is that the diverse global bodies as of late including the World exchange Organization were for the most part centered around the enhancement of the industrialist society. So it has gotten absolutely basic for the development of associations which center around human causes and formative issues identifying with the general society everywhere wi th essential spotlight on philanthropic exercises. One selective model concentrating on philanthropic movement is â€Å"World Social Forum† which legitimately restricts the â€Å"World Economic Forum† and essentially controls government assistance of poor people and in one sense it is viewed as a refined method of legislative issues. The paper breaks down whether corporate-NGO associations have helped in advancing maintainability in creating countries. History and Growth of NGO Rugendyke (2007), Clark (2003), Teegen (2003) see that there was tremendous suport for the development worried about the development of NGO crusade in the Western World before. Every single large character, understudies, model or individuals from some other calling had a lot of help for a mainstream battle named as â€Å"Make Poverty History†. There had been a lot of exposure in regards to the reason. According to the creator lately when... This report focuses on that all associations are intended for making something; for accomplishing some reason. In a business association the makers stay under direct manager’s control. In an association the purchaser gets proprietorship for the installment being made and along these lines the connection among association and customer closes. In any case, the maker is totally not quite the same as the customer. This report makes an end that accordingly from the above conversation on the corporate-NGO association it very well may be said that the NGOs ought to be given enough space to work. This is on the grounds that the NGOs have their imaginative work culture which is at difference with the conventional working strategies. This causes the NGOs to create strategies according to the necessities of the general public and according to the issue everywhere tormenting a specific section. The NGOs try sincerely and grow new strategies implied for the government assistance of the gen eral public. So it is exceptionally significant that the NGOs turn out to be more arrangements, go for tie ups with corporate and in this way utilizing their mastery just as producing the assets required for the tasks to be fruitful. In addition they ought to maintain a strategic distance from the expressions of the pundit and work on their own arrangement of measures and rules gave these guidelines are not against the general public. This will help create NGO exercises over the long haul and will help increment the quantity of NGO associations over the globe which will realize change particularly in the less creating countries.

Breaking Into Advertising and Staying Essay

In the life of an individual, it is seen that building an incredible and stable vocation in a profession that he/she by and by preferences and wants to do is one of the chief endeavors that is viewed as a troublesome errand. Along these lines, this requires a plentiful measure of exertion and fearlessness for an individual to accomplish a steady vocation and to be arranged in a place that the person likes to be in. Promoting Industry, then again, as connected to the conversations about vocation, is viewed as one of the most invigorating and energizing line of organizations in which there are various number of wannabes who are wanting to infiltrate the scene and be a piece of it. Likewise, the promoting business is viewed as remembered for the most serious and most grounded industry that could guarantee a splendid future ahead for any individual who could make it to the highest point of the business rivalry. Be that as it may, the extent that the part of business is concern, building up a profession in publicizing industry apparently is one of the most troublesome and dubious errand to do. Along these lines, this is the place the book entitled â€Å"Pick Me: Breaking into Advertising and Staying There† is principally expected for, which is to fill in as a guide and as a basic perusing in helping individuals to get a vocation and make due under the weight of the business that is once respected to be remembered for the rundown of the most serious ones. The book is basically composed to give a perusing material to have the option to control the individuals, all the more particularly the individuals who try to build up a profession in the publicizing business, to get in a vocation and handle the weight which fills in as the quality of the said business. The book is composed by two of the most solid people in the field of publicizing who have filled in as imaginative chiefs and are intently inventive accomplices to be specific Nancy Vonk and Janet Kestin. The essential goal of the two is to render individuals unequivocal data with regards to how might they get a situation in a business world, for example, promoting. All things considered, from most of the book, the data is basically rendered to respond to the inquiries of individuals or understudies as to having a steady activity and building up a vocation in the said business. Moreover, the book is likewise co-wrote by a gathering of fourteen people, who are viewed as renowned people in the publicizing business, who have additionally given and shared their own bits of knowledge just as close to home encounters that have been instrumental for them to enter the vocations they are in today and exceed expectations in it. In any case, through the foundation and capacities of the individuals behind the thoughts, it is seen that the book is powerful in accomplishing and working to what it basically expect. The book apparently is exact with its points and objectives. Staying alert that the foundation of vocation in the publicizing business is a precarious errand, the authors have expressed and rendered their data in the best way that the perusers could have a grip of the messages they planned for. In this way, the methodology of the journalists in rendering their considerations apparently is compact wherein the book joins the rundown of the commonplace inquiries and worries by the individual with respect to the subject and renders the suitable answers in like manner. In like manner, an away from of the issue and point which tells about the connection among work and the troubles of building up a vocation in publicizing industry has been key factor that prepares to positive outcomes just as ends for the book. As per the journalists, it is significant for an individual, all the more particularly for the individuals who yearns for an occupation in the said business, to know precisely and render as needs be their objectives just as the things that the person needs to accomplish to have the option to utilize an away from and center in the advancement of their vocation. Additionally, the scholars have plainly expressed the point that a formal instructive foundation is huge, despite the fact that not the sole basics, in setting up a profession and making it to the highest point of whole promoting industry. Subsequently, ability, aptitudes, enthusiasm and devotion are viewed as elements that are required to have the option to set up a long-lasting vocation and prevail in the said business. What's more, the contemplations of dread and self-animosity ought to be vanquished so as to build up a vocation, remain and prevail in the publicizing industry. Similarly, the new and new thoughts are believed to be an essential element of achievement in the publicizing business which could put an individual in a steady and sound ground for their vocation in the business. This could likewise improve and decide the unwavering quality of one’s capacities in the business to concoct a splendid thought that could support the customers and broadcast an item more towards more prominent outcomes. From an individual perspective, it very well may be said that the focuses and articulations composed above, according to the writers’ stance, are for the most part basic and noteworthy such that it renders clear ideas for the individuals that have the fantasies about creation it in the publicizing business. Therefore, a large portion of the focuses that have been delineated in the book are totally upheld and clarified through the joining and a blend of individual encounters industry just as legitimate thinking that is associated with the whole setting of society. Moreover, knowing the reality where the scholars are coming from utilizes more intelligence in the focuses that have been expressed in the pages. Also, expressing a reasonable concentration and objective is in reality basic in setting up a profession. This renders a distinct way and fills in as a point of convergence with regards to where the advancement of vocation is going. The nearness of formal instruction, then again, is likewise observed as critical wherein it should fill in as roots for information or thoughts that ought to be additionally upgraded by the individual capacities and ability. Additionally, gifts, capacities and commitment in the activity is certainly instrumental so as to set up and remain in a line of profession for an extensive stretch of time. In any case, saying that certainty is an unquestionable requirement in getting to a vocation and remaining in the promoting business is totally huge. Therefore, the presence of self-hatred ought to be vanquished so as to utilize a stable employment condition and make ready for ceaseless individual and vocation development. In like manner, it very well may be said that the most significant point in the book is the contention that concentration and objective specified with energy and commitment are in actuality a fundamental recipe to build up a vocation and endure the difficulties of being utilized, all the more particularly in the publicizing business. At long last, with the above composed realities and data about the book, it could be expressed the data and considerations portrayed in the book are generally genuine just as supportive basics towards having a nice activity or position and remaining in the publicizing business. In this manner, it is sure that the book and the essayists are fruitful in accomplishing their objectives just as in filling their need that supposedly renders an unmistakable perusing guide for the individuals who try to find in work and build up a profession in the publicizing business. In any case, all the considerations and data rendered in the book are helpful and obliging for the perusers as the entirety of the focuses and articulations are upheld with significant genuine encounters and authentic proof that are tried to have created positive outcomes about the point. Reference Vonk N. what's more, Kestin J. (2005). Pick Me: Breaking Into Advertising and Staying There. US: Wiley-IEEE.

20 Critical Essay Topics Understand and Debate Police Brutality

20 Critical Essay Topics Understand and Debate Police Brutality In the event that you are keen on composing a basic exposition on police fierceness, you can get a kick off by looking into the 20 helpful subjects beneath: Contrasts in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Genders. Arrangements to Stop Police Brutality. Arrangements to Reduce Police Brutality in Two Countries based on Your Personal preference. Nations with High Rates of Police Brutality. How GDP Influences Rates of Police Brutality. How Police Salary Influences Rates of Police Brutality. Contrasts in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Ages Groups. Contrasts in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Countries. Effect of Police Brutality Statistics in Legislation. Affecting Factors for Police Brutality. Low Psychological Evaluative Standards Leads to Higher Rates of Police Brutality. Contrasts in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Races. Distinction between Police Brutality among Female Officers and Male Officers. Regardless of whether Male Officers Show More Police Brutality toward Male Victims or Female Victims. Regardless of whether Female Officers Show More Police Brutality toward Male Victims or Female Victims. Factual Changes to Police Brutality over a Ten Year Period. Relationship between's Police Corruption and Police Brutality. Changes in Police Corruption Statistics among Urban and Suburban Areas. Regardless of whether Arrests and Charges for Police Brutality Reduce Rates of Police Brutality Afterward among Other Officers. Regardless of whether Police Brutality is Regularly Swept under the Rug Among Closely Knit Police Units. Out of all the intriguing thoughts which are accessible, it can in any case be hard to truly see how to begin on any of these points when composing your article. Don’t neglect to visit the article with realities on police fierceness that agree to these subjects. Moreover, improve your composing quality with guides on basic expositions. That is the reason you will locate an extraordinary example article beneath on one of the themes recorded previously: Test Critical Essay Low Psychological Evaluative Standards Leads to Higher Rates of Police Brutality For certain occupations, candidates are required to take mental assessments during the application procedure. These employments are commonly those which require an exceptional status or where weapons are used. The reason for the tests are to guarantee that the individual remains mentally stable enough to satisfy the obligations of their position. Such low principles brings about mentally flimsy people using deadly weapons as well as hazardous degrees of power over others. In light of this foundation, huge numbers of the people inside the police power if not all want to shield each other from any individual who is viewed as an outside. This just empowers the police severity that is so predominant among the mentally temperamental. As a rule the people are required to take ordinary assessments to guarantee they stay stable normally. After outrageous occurrences at work, similar people might be required to step through an extra examination to guarantee the episode didn't cause harm enough to render the individual unfit to satisfy their obligations. Instances of such cases may incorporate getting shot or having an accomplice harmed or slaughtered in the line of obligation. While the motivation behind these tests stays feasible and is a need for guaranteeing that anybody using weapons is doing so securely, the adequate levels to which certain individuals are held during their underlying application and during ensuing assessments is unreasonably low among police powers, which just develops a domain of police mercilessness. Police powers who are required to take section assessments for their mental assessment are not held to sufficiently high guidelines. With such low beginning necessities, it isn't astonishing that cops keep on being affirmed to work in the line of obligation routinely. With low passage necessities, the people who were menaces in school or who were seriously harassed, the individuals who were not adored enough as a youngster, and the individuals who have genuine mental issues which bring about them needing force and authority over others. This mental foundation makes cops hungry for circumstances where they can apply their control over others. It makes them quickly fake a sentiment of danger if an individual inquires as to why they were pulled over or states to the official that the official is really not as per the law during a methodology. Circumstances where the mentally insecure individual even remotely feels undermined brings about extreme counter as police ruthlessness. What exacerbates this counter even is the defensive idea of the police power. Individuals inside the power will consequently agree with each other over any individual who is a â€Å"outsider† regardless of whether they know their police part was off base. They will twist the lawful guidelines for nobody yet their own, making them complete wolves in sheep's clothing. Moreover, cops who are as of now flimsy will see an outside griping that an individual from their unit overstepped the law as a risk. What's more, as previously mentioned, these apparent dangers to somebody who is mentally flimsy outcome in extreme backfire, tormenting, and twisting of the standards. So as to redress the issue of high police fierceness rates, it is basic that the mental gauges to which individuals from the police offices are held be raised. Mental assessments should survey the strength of the individual, their experience, their youth, and quest for any signs in their experience that they were manhandled or that they mishandled others. By recognizing the individuals who look for force and control so as to cause themselves to feel better, and distinguishing the individuals who appreciate harming others to bring themselves up, police divisions can quit employing people who are all the more a risk to society than an assistance to society. This can end police ruthlessness. By doing this, genuine change can come to fruition to the entirety of the police powers which decide to improve the world a spot. References Anderson, Kelly C. Police Brutality. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1995. Print. Fitzgerald, Sheila. Police Brutality. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Thomson Gale, 2007. Print. Kirschner, Robert H. Police Brutality In The USA. The Lancetâ 350.9088 (1997): 1395. Web. Kuhns, Joseph B, and Johannes Knutsson. Police Use Of Force. Santa Clause Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010. Print. Lawrence, Regina G. The Politics Of Force. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Nelson, Jill. Police Brutality. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2000. Print. Roleff, Tamara L. Police Brutality. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Print.

Phsychology admission essay for University of Southern California - 550 Words

Phsychology admission essay for University of Southern California (Admission Essay Sample) Content: I moved to America 10 years ago from China, and completed my undergraduate degree here. I am Chinese by heart, but have gradually understood and adapted to the American way of life. My parents are Chinese immigrants and uphold Chinese culture, traditions and values dearly. Hence, I have to tread a fine line to ensure I am accepted by them and the traditional Chinese families here, as well as by my American friends and colleagues. As an individual, I am highly observant and a very good listener, and enjoy reading peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s words and actions to decipher deeper emotional and psychological traits that may be hidden underneath. My journey in Psychology started when I took some introductory courses on the subject during my undergraduate studies that really piqued my curiosity. I decided to minor in Psychology, and developed particular interest in childhood, adolescence and counseling Psychology. I realized that my personality and interests, combined with a strong education and practical training, would make me a good counselor able to positively change peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives. I am majoring in Communications as an undergraduate, and the fundamental theories I have learned in my major overlap many in Psychology. While research in Communications focuses on causes and means of a phenomenon, Psychology research focuses on effects on people and seeks to explain the source of the problem. Thus, I have learned that Communications and Psychology are complementary to each other, and good interpersonal and cross-cultural communication can help psychologists connect with multicultural backgrounds and treat them better. Additionally, my work as a Research Assistant at Arkin Lab has enhanced my research skills by teaching me the nuances of conducting comprehensive literature reviews to understand a topic better. It has allowed me to run experiments individually and in groups, conduct accurate and timely data collection exercises, and write detailed reaction papers and journal articles. Collectively, I believe my cultural, personal, educational and employment background will help me offer a varied yet functional ...

Essay on Creation’s Contest with Evolution - 2006 Words

Creation’s Contest with Evolution It began in Dayton, Tennessee-1925. A high school teacher by the name of John Scopes was charged with teaching evolution, which was illegal at the time in Tennessee. The court found Scopes guilty, and he was fined one hundred dollars. However, the Scopes trial immediately sparked one of the largest controversies in todays public school systems: should creationism still be taught in public schools? In the trial, Clarence Darrow argued that teaching creationism in public schools defies the separation of church and state (which is pulled from the first amendment). Darrow moved on to say that evolution does not disobey the first amendment. The trial denied all public schools the right†¦show more content†¦This particular theory of origination became widely accepted in the scientific community. In 1925 creationism could no longer be taught in schools. Instead, textbooks replaced creationism with chapters on the theory of evolution. Public schools strayed away from teaching creati onism altogether. Furthermore, the first amendment, which states the separation of church and state, became the core argument for keeping creationism out of schools. Many may argue that teaching creationism in a classroom is hinting to religion and, therefore, cannot be taught in public schools under the first amendment. Religion, as defined in the dictionary, is any system of faith and worship (New Webster 188). So cannot atheism be called a religion? Belief in no God is your faith. The belief that fish formed out of amoebas and that humans are the descendants of apes is called humanism-a non-profit religion. In fact, in 1933 the humanist manifesto was written. Within the manifesto lists two core beliefs for the religion: (1) Religious humanists regard the universe as self-existing and not created and (2) Humanism believes that man is a part of nature and that he has emerged as the result of a continuous process (Evolution Conspiracy). These very same beliefs-evolution and the big-bang theory-are taught in public schools everywhere. Therefore, teaching evolution directly alludes to the atheistic belief of

System Analysis and Design for Agile System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSystem Analysis and Design for Agile System. Answer: Introduction Agile system development provides facility to the enterprises to conduct fast effective business operations. It associates the customers in all the regions of development of agile systems development (Chesbrough, 2017). The agile methods- Scrum is widely used in the software development procedures and techniques to get the desired result. The agile method stresses on the communication techniques and the cooperation techniques and the customer value over the process. The study focuses on the agile system development and the open innovation mechanism. Summary The critique study focuses on the agile system development that can facilitate the customers and also showcases the open innovation techniques that can enhance the business operations of enterprises. Critical Evaluation The concepts will be critically demonstrating the two project items who have tried to implement and configure agile development and open innovation in their premises. The concept of openness related to the agile system development that gets compromised due to the absence of transparency and the competing elements. There are various challenges and the risks associated with the agile methods. At first, the agile open methods have been implied on only the customers while the technique has not focused on the stakeholders. The second issue is that it requires a significant amount of time and resources from the stakeholders and the third parties (Abrahamsson et al., 2017). The organisations also tend to appoint junior subordinates to monitor the open activities and appoint key employees of the organisations to monitor the closed activities. The third issue that arises is that the employees sometimes do not priorities the commitment and thus the customers can get neglected as a result. Another serious issue is the engagement. The representatives of one company states they have enough time to solve the issues while other representatives of another company state that they have no time left to monitor and solve issues (Alahyari, Svensson Gorschek, 2017). The fourth issue states that there is completion among the people, groups and the organisations, this can seriously affect the open innovation techniques. The aforesaid issues can be mitigated by the means of sharing the details of the project undertakings between the two enterprises. The meetings should be conducted frequently to get the desired outcomes (Link Qureshi, 2017). The existence of the on-site customer has the capability to diminish the time required for sharing the ideas outside the group. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that the fast effective open practices collaboratively can enhance the effectiveness of the project development. The inter and intra-organizational operations and implementation of open innovation in the agile system development is necessary for the detecting the vital challenges for the research. The agile method has stressed on the communication techniques and the cooperation techniques and the customer value over the process. The study has also focused on the agile system development and the open innovation mechanism. References Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., Warsta, J. (2017). Agile software development methods: Review and analysis.arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.08439. Alahyari, H., Svensson, R. B., Gorschek, T. (2017). A study of value in agile software development organizations.Journal of Systems and Software,125, 271-288. Chesbrough, H. (2017). The Future of Open Innovation: The future of open innovation is more extensive, more collaborative, and more engaged with a wider variety of participants.Research-Technology Management,60(1), 35-38. Link, G. J., Qureshi, S. (2017). The Role of Open Source in New Business Formation: Innovations for Development.

The Wind in Willows Book Review

'The Wind in Willows' Book Review The Wind in the Willows is a childrens story that lives in the hearts and minds of its readers well into adulthood. With its subtle blend of anthropomorphism and very-British humor, the book is a classic tale of river life and friendship. The Wind in the Willows is surprisingly dark and thrilling in placesparticularly in the later chapters and the battle of Toad Hall. The book provides something that few novels of its time can claim: all-round entertainment for all ages. The story confirms the power of close friends and courage to make a difference in the lives of others. Overview: The Wind in the Willows The novel begins with Mole, a peace-loving little animal, doing some spring cleaning. He soon meets another of the people who live by the river, Ratty, who enjoys nothing more than messing about in boats. After a number of pleasant afternoons having picnics and spending time on the river, Mole and Ratty decide to visit one of Rattys friends, Toad whowhen they arriveexplains to them his latest obsession, a horse, and cart. They go for a ride with Toad, but whilst on the road, they are tipped over by a speeding motorcar (which completely breaks Toads little cart). Far from being upset by the loss of his favorite toy, Toads first thought is that he, too, wants one of those incredible automobiles. This obsession leads him to trouble, however. Much to Mole, Ratty and their old and wise friend Badgers sadness, Toad is soon arrested and sent to prison for stealing a motor car. However, within the gaol, one of the guards daughters soon feels sorry for the poor Toad (who certainly wasnt made for prison life), and gives him some old washerwoman’s clothes and helps him to escape. Toad returns to the river and is welcomed by his friends, who tell him that his home, Toad Hallonce his pride and joyhas been overtaken by the cruel woodlanders: the stoats and the weasels. Some hope does seem to be in sight. Badger tells Toad that there is a secret tunnel leading back into the very heart of Toad Hall and the four friends follow it, leading them right into the lair of their enemies. An enormous battle ensues and Badger, Mole, Ratty and Toad manage to rid the hall of stoats and weasels, placing Toad back where he belongs. The rest of the book suggests that the four friends will continue in their easy-going lifestyle, occasionally taking trips on the river and eating picnics. Toad manages to curb his obsessive behavior, somewhat, but cannot completely cure himself. Englishness in The Wind in the Willows The true joy of The Wind in the Willows is the image of English life: a very Georgian, upper-middle-class take on the world in which the countryside is covered by an incessant summer time and which days can be spent idling by the riverside and watching the world go by. Because of the success of The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame was able to leave his unhappy job in a bank and live very much the life he represented in the pages of the booka life full of cake at tea time, and the soothing sound of the river running past. The novel is also very much loved for its characters: the slightly pompous and ridiculous toad (who is completely carried away by his latest obsession), and the wise old badger (who is crotchety, but who has very high regard for his friends). They are characters who embody the English values of fortitude and good humor. But, these creatures are also incredibly honorable and willing to fight (even to the death) for their little piece of England. There is something ineffably comforting about Grahames little storyfamiliar and also very powerful. The animal characters are completely humanized, but their personalities and characteristics are still linked to their animals characters. The Wind in the Willows is wryly humorous and tremendously fun. This book is one of the greatest childrens books of all time.

The European Agrarian System Essay Essays

The European Agrarian System Essay Essays The European Agrarian System Essay Essay The European Agrarian System Essay Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: The European Agrarian System Essay 1. The European Agrarian System had estates, which dealt with agriculture and farming and were divided socially into three groups. These groups are the first, second and third class. They are divided in this manner due to the difference in their composition, structure and the parallel missions each one of them has. The third class agrarian social estate is composed of the peasants. These citizens did not own land, which was a very valuable commodity during the 18th and 19th Century. These citizens acted as laborers to the owners of the land. The peasant and his family would be given a piece of land where they were allowed to settle as squatters. In return, they would offer their services to the owners of the land, known as lords. The squatters’ basic job was to cultivate the land, and this was to the Lord’s benefit. They ploughed the land in a shifting method system where they would work on one piece of land, after the land loses its fertility they would move to another leaving the former fallow. The land was divided into strips, and each peasant was allocated where to work. This job was done manually by men using simple tools. The peasants had other duties, which included grinding of grain into flour, baking bread, and squeezing wine from grapes, which was mostly done by the wome n and children. These laborers were further divided into free peasants or slaves; whereby the free ones had certain rights that included freedom to specify on the number of days to work. The slaves, who were known as serfs had no say whatsoever. The second estate was made up of long distance traders who were known as merchants, who emerged in the mid 19th Century. These groups of people traveled to distance places in search of trading opportunities such as market for the produced goods, more arable land, farming tools etc. On discovering new trading grounds, the merchants would pass the information to the Lords who deployed the serfs to the new working areas in guarantee that they would be granted their freedom. Along with this trade came banking and manufacturing. Laws of trade were set up, whereby property holding rules and regulations were set up and trade disputes were settled. The first estate of European Agrarian social estates was comprised of the nobles, who included the Lord who was the landowner and his family. He was considered as the king and had an assistant who was known as the vassal. The vassal was answerable to him concerning everything that happened in his kingdom. He also had a military system, which was composed of fighters known as knights. The peasants were all at the Lord’s mercy and had to serve him faithfully. 2. In order for the different classes found in society to work together, certain aspects have to bring them together. The European Agrarian social pyramid ensured that its different social classes have the same beliefs, have a common necessity and that each of the societies work according to the powers given. This led them to working together to achieve and fulfill their main objective, which is to improve the level of economic growth. The discovery of domestication of plants (1600s), a vast land for farming and a population growing at a very fast rate necessitated the need for the Europeans to find a way of making use of these opportunities. As a result, a social pyramid was created to turn the potential of Europe into action. As a result, the wealthy men of the region had to take charge of the arable land, while skillful labor would be required to work in the lands and market for the goods, land for expansion and other opportunities were being exploited. This therefore, led to the emergence of the three social states that included the nobles who were the first class, the merchants who were the second class and the peasants who were the third class. The Lords were in charge of the land, the merchants sought for greener pastures while the peasants acted as the laborers. This formed the agrarian social pyramid and the three worked for the betterment of the whole society. The European Agrarian Society had a system of beliefs that has defined the way in which the people in the societies functioned. They believed in innovation, and as such, were willing and ready to embrace new forms of technology and accept the changes that took place with time, such as the evolution from making hand made tools by guilds to manufacturing. They also changed from agriculture to horticulture in the 1920s. They also had a firm belief in religion and believed in Christianity. They believed in the coming of together for pilgrimage to thank God for their success and well-being. It also promoted fairness and equity and therefore played a major role in bringing all the three classes together. The first class that were the overall authority, had total and complete power over all the other classes. They made the rules and regulations that kept the three classes together and ensured that there was peace and order among everyone. The Lords divided the land into strips for the workers helping to avoid conflicts (between 18th and 19th century). They also worked together with the merchants in acquiring new territories and trading of goods. However, towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the government took over the rule from Lords and had overall power. 3. Cuxham is a village in England, which is believed to have existed in the ca. 1300. It is a very small city found in the northern side of Wallingford and south of Thames. However small it is, it represents the kind of life experienced in the whole of European Agrarian world. The Cuxham is home to the first Parish Church of England, which was built in the 14th century. It is the origin of the pre-Roman Church. This indicates that this was a very religious village. In the same way, the European Agrarian World also had very firm beliefs in religion. They believed in Christianity and led by the Roman Catholic Church. They have such a firm belief that at a certain time of the year they used to go pay pilgrimage. Cuxham village has a record of three watermills. The current one was built in the middle of the 18th century. It was built to be of service to the peasants who lived there. Similarly, in the European agrarian world, a number of watermills had been constructed to pump water to the dry areas. The village has a fertile land and cool climate for agricultural purposes, thus promoting farming. This played a major role in the European agrarian world, by motivating them to also take part in domestication of plants. The half-moon pub and restaurant built in the village in the 17th Century was among the first restaurants to be opened in Europe thus encouraging the society in agrarian Europe to invest in other businesses apart from farming. The growth and development experienced in the European agrarian world has been inspired by most of the activities, culture and beliefs of the people in Cuxham village.

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Capital Punishment - Essay Example For instance, during the execution of Angel Diaz, via lethal injections, the time taken for him to die, proved to be twice the time that such death was expected to take. Furthermore, some of the witnesses present at the execution were of the opinion that Diaz underwent a significant amount of suffering during the process. Another disquieting feature of this execution was that the medical examiner categorically stated that the lethal injections had not been administered properly (Execution Rules Still Inhumane , 2007). Subsequently, it came to light that these injections had not been administered by a medically trained professional. This execution, which took place in Florida, was effected by injecting a mixture of 3 chemicals. This combination produces extreme pain, which the hapless condemned prisoner cannot express, due to the diabolical inclusion of a paralyzing agent, which constitutes one of these chemicals (Word, 2006). The Floridian authorities have exhibited a total disregard towards rendering executions humane. This was tellingly brought home, by the fact that these authorities ignored the recommendations of a commission appointed by the governor of Florida, which called for the appointment of adequately qualified personnel to carry out the executions, via lethal injections (Execution Rules Still Inhumane , 2007). The Floridian state legislature showed a belated and half – hearted response to the fiasco that was the Diaz execution, by declaring a moratorium on executions. Thereafter, a hearing was conducted into the manner, in which lethal injections were administered to the condemned (Florida Mulls Lethal-Injection Problems, 2007). Capital punishment involves high expenditure. In the US, 36 of the 50 states employ the death penalty against some of their criminals. There is much that is distressing and paradoxical with the US in this regard. It had recently come to light that putting a person to death, in

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Case study - Essay Example mission of the company is to provide airline services to the customers, while generating high amount of customer satisfaction through the intangible factors of warmth, friendliness as well as high quality customer service (Southwest Airlines, 2013.). It has to be said that the external analysis needs to take into account the various factors of the outside world that can seriously impact the business prospects of the low cost airlines. The external analysis can be best judged by evaluating the competitive business environment of the airline sector. The global aviation sector is highly integrated with a lot of macro level factors, which has to be taken into consideration while judging the business prospects associated with this sector. The high and tremendously complex level of integration of the multiple numbers of macro factors of various regions and countries has significantly pushed up the risk quotient that is associated with doing business in this particular sector. While studying the trends that have existed in the aviation sector all around the world, it has been found that the competitive scenario in the last decade shared an inverse relationship for the growth of the airline business all over the world. The analysis of the performance of the airline sector in the period of 2000 and 2009 revealed that the sector of global aviation was subjected to a net loss of more than 52 billion USD. The expert analysts of the aviation sector cited that the issues related to fragmented nature of the airlines sector all over the globe as well as mismatch in terms of demand and capacity are the main reasons for the loss based upshots. The experts have predicted that with the continued existence of these factors, there will be a significant impact in the global airline sector. It has to be said that these factors will trigger a loss of more than 52 billion USD in the next couple of years (Brueckner and Lee, 2010). Talking about the potential threat of the domestic

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay 29 year old Sakura has been brought to counseling by a concerned neighbor because she believes Sakura is suffering from depression. She is listless and silent, and prone to staring in to space. During the course of the counseling sessions, it was discovered that Sakura’s husband has been violent towards her recently. Sakura is Japanese and has migrated to California two years ago, here she met and married an American husband. Sakura refuses to tell authorities because she is ashamed that her family in Japan would discover the failure of her marriage. She clearly tells the counselor that no one should know of the state of her relationship with her husband. A counselor is ethically obligated to inform authorities about the abusive nature of the relationship but she is also obligated to respect her client’s wishes. Framework for Ethical Decision Making (Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , 2009) Recognize an Ethical Issue Psychologists cannot break client-therapist confidentiality; Sakura has clearly expressed that her problems in marriage must be kept confidential and believes that her husband’s temperament is just being affected by his problems at work and the situation between them can be resolved. The counselor feels conflicted because the situation involves actual and potential risk for the client. Get the Facts Sakura is being verbally and physically abused when her husband is incited to anger by small things, like unwashed laundry or bland food. She sometimes gets bruises when her husband grabs he arms and shakes her or pushes her around. Sakura feels miserable at the state of her marriage but she was raised to be a loyal wife to her husband. The Japanese value a good marriage and frown upon divorce and marital problems. The Japanese believe marital problems must be resolved at home and must not be publicly acknowledged. This must be dealt with in therapy sessions sensitive to her culture and to her way of thinking. She must learn to value herself more than valuing the opinion of others. Evaluate Alternative Actions The counselor may decide to first try to convince Sakura of the unreasonable aspects of her situation. An establishment of a high sense of self-worth in therapy can ideally enable her get out of the abusive relationship by her own accord. However, when the danger is imminent and when it is clear that her husband is escalating in violence towards Sakura then the first area of concern would be to notify authorities to stop the abuse. Make a Decision and Test It The therapist can decide to tell the authorities about the nature of the situation, testing a decision can involve looking at the possible outcomes should the decision be executed. All other approaches must be considered; a useful exercise would be asking the question â€Å"what If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-which option I have chosen, what would they say? † considering different perspectives is vital in making the choice. Act and Reflect on the Outcome Implement the decision, tell the authorities and monitor the outcome, Sakura must be guided in therapy and offered psychological support at all times. Reference: Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , (2009). A framework for ethical decision making. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University.

Lucid Dreaming Essays -- Reserach Dreaming Dreams Essays

Lucid Dreaming Austin based filmmaker Richard Linklater recently released a movie that is a dream. By that I mean both that it is about a dream, and that it is dreamlike. "Waking Life" received mixed reviews, but it also sparked new interest in an idea that has actually been around a long time: lucid dreaming. In this paper I intend to explore the concept of lucidity in dreams, and to concentrate on the research of Stanford University's Stephen LaBerge, who has used lucid dreaming as a tool to better understand the biological phenomena of sleep and dreams. Basically, "lucid dreaming" is being aware that you are dreaming(1). In the late 19th century, Frederik van Eeden published his observations about his own lucid dreams. He reported the sensation of "being able to freely remember the circumstances of waking life, to think clearly, and to act deliberately upon reflection, all while experiencing a dream world that seems vividly real(2) (3)." Lucid dreams are not reported often, although a 1988 study by Snyder and Gackenbach indicated that as many as 58 % of people report having had at least one lucid dream in their life time, with 21 % having them as regularly as once a month(2). LaBerge was the among first scientists to provide scientific evidence supporting the phenomena in the early 1980s(4). His research has shown several techniques to be successful tools to help an individual learn how to become lucid in a dream. Lucid Dreaming: Fact or Fiction? Scientific debate regarding the validity of lucid dreams has existed for some time. Some believed that so-called lucid dreams were not dreams at all, but brief arousals from the sleeping state analogous to day dreaming. As recently as 1985 David Foulkes ... ...ry, dream lucidity appears to be a valid phenomena and one many people hope to achieve for themselves. Whatever your interest in the topic, you are sure to find an outlet for it in the plethora of internet resources available on the topic. Internet Sources: 1)Lucidity For All http://www.ld4all.com/index.html 2)The Lucidity Institute Site: "Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep, by Stephen LaBerge, Ph. D. http://www.lucidity.com/SleepAndCognition.html 3) The Lucidity Institute: "A Study of Dreams" , by Frederik van Eeden http://www.lucidity.com/vanEeden.html 4) "Waking the Dreamer", Levity.com http://www.levity.com/mavericks/lab-int.htm 5) "Dreaming: Lucid and Non Lucid" , by David Foulkes http://www.sawka.com/spiritwatch/dreaming.htm 6) The Lucid Dreaming Guild http://www.geocities.com/lucidguild/

Moral psychology Essay

The articles in this special section express a common theme: the use of information technology in society is creating a rather unique set of ethical issues that requires the making of new moral choices on the part of society and has spawned special implications for its members. Technology itself is not the only, nor necessarily the most responsible, cause of these issues. All ethical questions arise initially out of human agency. Technology, due to its capability to augment mental and physical powers of human beings, does stand in the role of a coconspirator. The lure of power-enhancing capabilities makes technology an inducer of sorts, a necessary but not sufficient underpinning to many of the ethical issues we face today. An ethical issue is said to arise whenever one party in pursuit of its goals engages in behavior that materially affects the ability of another party to pursue its goals. When the effect is helpful—good, right, just—we say the behavior is praiseworthy or exemplary. When, however, the effect is harmful— bad, wrong, unjust—the behavior is unethical. This purposeful theory of ethics is reflected in the issues discussed in these articles. For example, email and being online are applications of information technology, the lure of which is based on their ability to expand the scope, range, speed, and ease of interpersonal and corporate communications. Useful as they are, the schemes and the manifold of issues addressed leave one question unanswered: What moral guidance can be provided to the agents whose behavior create these issues? And, this question leads to others: How should the many knowledge workers, systems analysts, programmers, hardware designers, authors, executives, and so forth, who set in motion the actions which bring these issues to the fore, guide their own behavior? Knowing their technology-based actions will intercede in the course of human affairs, how should they direct them? The crucial point occurs when a moral agent—one that by definition has choices—decides to change the state of information or information technology in a human system. Changes in hardware, software, information content, information flow, knowledge-based jobs, and the rules and regulations affecting information are among the many things agents do that affect others. I call these crucial juncture points moments-of-truth. If those of us who make decisions in any of these areas are to behave ethically, we must be able to identify the significant momentsof-truth in which we participate and be able to reflect on the effects of our actions. We must use our moral imagination to guide our choices so that we can contribute positively toward making the kind of ethical world in which we want to live and want to bequeath to our future generations. How can we do this? The ACM Code of Ethics [1], as well as the schemes and other articles in this special section provide initial grist for the mill. More fundamental, however, is our conscience, aided by our understanding and expertise in information technology. If we have an inkling our behavior as information professionals might in some way harm others, we probably should examine our decisions a little more carefully and from an ethical point-of-view. Getting the Morally Relevant Facts The facts of an ethical situation can be summarized by four factors. The first factor is to clearly identify the moral agent. Whose actions will bring about the technology-induced change? The frameworks and discussions presented here will be helpful because they point to a variety of possible forms of agency. The next factor is the set of alternative courses-ofCOMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM. December 1995/Vol. 38, No. 12 55 action available to the agent. These are the realworld acts that will have an effect on the human system under consideration. Acts have consequences, hence the third factor: a delineation of the results that are expected to occur if each act is taken. Finally, it is essential to identify the stakeholders who will be affected by the consequences of the acts. A stakeholder is any individual, group, organization, or institution that can affect as well as be affected by an agent’s actions. In a word, stakeholders have an interest in what an agent does [3]. These four factors—agent, acts, results and stakeholders—are the basic facts from which an ethical analysis proceeds. Applying Ethical Theories Renowned medical ethicist William F. May refers to the method of ethical reflection as corrective vision. â€Å"Ethics supplies a type of corrective lens,† he observes, â€Å"and relies heavily on the distinction between what is and what ought to be† [4]. These four crucial factors serve to establish what is. For what ought to be we must turn to ethical theories. These theories are the prisms—the optometrist’s collection of lenses—through which we can observe reality and see the choices to make as we attempt to direct reality towards our ethical ideals. There are many, perhaps an infinity, of theories we might apply. The optics of ethics is very large indeed. We can be comforted in this effort, however, by the realization that the evolution of ethical thinking has resulted in four major themes. These are meta-lenses through which to look at an ethical situation. One theory emphasizes an agent’s duty. This theory seeks to create a good society by having people do the right things. As Immanuel Kant emphasized, there are prohibitions against taking some acts and obligations to take others. We have a prima facie or a priori duty, for example, to respect the autonomy of others according to one principle evolving out of this theory; any acts an agent might take that would invade a stakeholder’s privacy or right to choose for themselves should be avoided. More specifically, it is reasonable to assume members have a prima facie duty to adhere to the provisions of the ACM Code of Ethics. But, and this is a significant point, we may not always be obliged to do so. Subsequent theorists in this deontological vain, W. D. Ross in particular [5], have held that while these duties are compelling they are not definitive. When two or more duties come into conflict the agent must make a reasoned choice. For example, the advantages obtained from using email may be deemed to be more important than the exposure to loss of privacy it brings about. These moral losses, however, should be made explicit in making a moral choice. The same principle applies, as we will see, among theories themselves. The second great tradition is the pursuit of happiness. Applying this theory requires that we assess the consequences of the agent’s actions and deter56 December 1995/Vol. 38, No. 12 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM mine how much pleasure or pain, good or bad, happiness or unhappiness, benefits or costs they inflict on stakeholders. The guiding principle, which originates with Bentham and Mill, is that an agent should choose an act resulting in the greatest good for the greatest number. The good society is reached according to this theory by doing good for others. However, since what is good for the collective-at-large may not be good for a given individual (or may violate a basic duty or right), advice emanating from this consequentialist tradition may conflict with advice deriving from other theories. A third great tradition is the pursuit of virtue. This theory focuses on improving the character or traits of the agent. The ancient Greeks averred that a moral person should take acts that enable and enhance the agent’s courage, prudence, temperance and justice. Their predecessors focused on accumulating individual power. â€Å"Might is right† formed the basis of their concept of virtue. One of their successors, St. Thomas Acquinas, drew on the Pauline tradition to add the more spiritual virtues of faith, hope and charity to the list. And, in the industrial age, industry, honesty, and trustworthiness were added because they were necessary for commercial relationships. All of these virtueoriented guides have the effect of creating a good society by having each agent be a good person. Finally, there is the tradition of the pursuit of justice. Justice requires that every stakeholder in the system should enjoy, so far as possible, an equal opportunity to develop his or her knowledge, skills and talents, and to reach his or her potentialities. This comes from fair dealing and right action and is usually based on rules that society has made, rules that should be the same for all and applied equally. The rules are based on criteria such as merit, need, work or other agreed-upon standards. The social contract theories to which several of the authors refer have emerged as a part of this tradition. The good society according to theories of justice is achieved by doing fairly, both in the fair allocation of privileges, duties, and goods, and in the meting out of punishments. When facing a moment-of-truth, one is well advised to view the situation through each of these ethical lenses. Each provides insight into the moral complexity of the issue being examined. Frequently, however, the guidance deriving from one of these theories will conflict with that of one or more of the others. This requires a moral judgment, one that shows how one theory or principle trumps another. The reasons behind the choice made should be grounded in at least one moral theory and justified accordingly. The pitting of facts against theories is a necessary —and the most important—aspect of deciding on an ethical issue. There are also four additional considerations to take into account: Who should decide? Who should benefit? How should the decision be made? And, how can the issue be prevented from arising in the future? Who Should Decide? Presumably if you are facing a moment-of-truth you are also engaged in a decision process. Should you go it alone? Often, not. Before an agent acts he or she should take into account the answers to two questions: 1) Which other stakeholders ought to participate in the making of this decision because of their knowledge, their values, or their interests? The voices of future generations should always be considered in this determination as well as the voices of contemporaries. 2) Which other stakeholders must take part in the decision and its implementation because of their institutional jobs, responsibilities or the resources they control? As debates on the basis of a â€Å"just war† have concluded, a decision that does not carry legitimacy or a reasonable probability of success is unlikely to lead to a satisfactorily moral outcome. Who Should Benefit from the Decision? Many stakeholders may be affected by a decision. Some of these outcomes should have been considered during the application of ethical theories to the situation at hand. Nevertheless, before enacting a choice one should assure himself or herself the benefits of the decision flow to morally justifiable parties and that no undue harm is done. How Should the Decision be Made and Carried Out? From a stakeholder’s point-of-view a decision cannot be separated from the way it is made and delivered. Whenever possible, important moral decisions should be made as the result of due process. Beyond any legal requirements, the processes by which decisions are made should be fair and they should follow established procedures when applicable. It is essential the parties who are potentially harmed by decisions, as well as those who are benefited, recognize the legitimacy of the decision-making process. This, however, is not enough. Decisions should be carried out in a humane, moral way. During the trumping process just described, some ethical principles or dictates are relegated to a secondary position. But they do not go away. A decision should be framed and fulfilled in a manner which maximizes the accomplishment of all of the ethical principles identified. All decisions should be carried out with due respect, in the sense that they should preserve the dignity of all stakeholders involved to the extent possible. How Can the Issue be Prevented from Arising in the Future? Every decision becomes a precedent in the future. A decision that resolves an acute and pressing moral issue today may not look so good in light of the passage of time. It may create worse problems than the ones it solves. Or, our moral reflection may reveal flaws in our institutions that can be—perhaps, should be—changed so the ethical issue at hand does not emerge again, at least in the same degree of intensity or severity. Thus, procedures and processes should be put in place, eliminating the root causes of this issue or handling it more effectively in the future. The essential question: In making this ethical decision, what sort of social transcript do we want to write? The last four considerations have a common thread: To be ethical, a decision-maker must think beyond just the facts and theories pertinent to the current issue. One must reach beyond the present and be sure to bring in additional voices, insure that ethical procedures are employed, adopt a humane style of conduct, and look to the future. Moving Ahead The articles in this issue form a rather gritty as well as a cerebral basis for getting on with the task of creating a good society in our information age. The ethics of being online, using tools such as email, and infusing of information technology into our lives in areas ranging from business process reengineering to installing large-scale systems are, arguably, among the most important ethical issues of our time. As good citizens in this information age we must be able to identify the crucial moments-of-truth in which our behavior as information professionals shapes the direction our society will take. By understanding the facts of each case, drawing on ethical traditions for guidance, and doing this with a concern for the broader implications of our actions, we can create the kind of ethical society we want. This is the challenge of our times [2]. C References 1. Anderson, R. E. , Johnson, D. G. , Gotterbarn, D. and Perrolle, J. Using the new ACM code of ethics in decision-making. Commun. ACM 36, 2 (Feb. 1993), pp 98–107 2. Mason, R. O. , Mason, F. M. , and Culnan, M. J. Ethics of Information Management. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Calif. , 1995. 3. Mason, R. O. and Mitroff, I. Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions. Wiley, New York, 1981. 4. May, W. F. The Physician’s Covenant. Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1983. 5. Ross, W. D. Moral Duties. Macmillan, London, 1969. Richard O. Mason is Carr P. Collins Professor of Management Information Sciences at the Edwin L. Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex. Parts of this article are based on material originally developed for Mason, R. , Mason, F. , and Culnan, M. Ethics of Information Management. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Calif. , 1995. Permission to make digital/hard copy of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.  © ACM 0002-0782/95/1200 $3. 50 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM December 1995/Vol. 38, No. 12 57.

Pluralism in Islam - 3199 Words

Quran View on Religious Pluralism Submited by: Muqadas Ghumman Submitted to: Mame Amat-ul Rafi Subject: Quranic View of other Religions Introduction While Islam stresses on the unity of humanity, it also recognizes human diversity and gives valuable principles to deal with ethnic, racial and religious differences in society. This paper discusses Religious Pluralism in the light of Quran and Hadith. Islam gives rights to all citizens of Muslim state; granting them protection and allowing them to co-exist in a multi religious society giving birth to the Religious Pluralistic society. Defining Pluralism Religious pluralism is defined in different ways by a number of modern writers. The basic†¦show more content†¦It sets forth both the etiquette and theology of dialogue. A number of verses in Quran have mentioned the way to deal and communicate with the book of people and other religions as well. Book of people have been separated from other pagan religions but both have been granted rights. For the people of the book, Quran mentions: â€Å"Do not debate with the people of the Book save in the fairest manner, except those among them who do wrong; and say to them ‘we accept faith in that which was sent down to us [that is the Qur’an] and that which was sent down to you [that is the Torah and the Gospel]. Our God and your God is one, and to Him we are submitters† (Ankabut: 46). Recommendation of healthy dialogue between religions is also seen in the following ayah: â€Å"Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them i n a way that is best. Indeed, your Lord is most knowing of who has strayed from His way, and He is most knowing of who is rightly guided†Show MoreRelatedReligious Pluralism Essay787 Words   |  4 Pagesperpetuating that Hinduism is an â€Å"abomination†, as Hindus do not worship â€Å"The lord Jesus Christ†. 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